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WASHINGTON (AP) - Three of the nation's most influential activists are launching an organization that aims to harness the political power of women to influence elections and shape local and national policy priorities.

Dubbed Supermajority, the organization is the creation of Cecile Richards, the former head of Planned Parenthood; Alicia Garza, co-founder of Black Lives Matter; and Ai-jen Poo, executive director of the National Domestic Workers Alliance. The group, which describes itself as multiracial and intergenerational, has a goal of training and mobilizing 2 million women over the next year to become organizers and political leaders in their communities.

The effort comes at a moment when women have emerged as perhaps the most powerful force in politics.

Millions of women marched in cities across America to protest President Donald Trump's election. Women also comprise the majority of the electorate in the 2018 midterm elections, sending a historic number of female candidates to Congress and helping Democrats retake control of the House. A record number of women are also seeking the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination, including four senators.

Richards, who has long been a force in Democratic politics, said women \"feel newly empowered and frankly motivated to take action, including so many women who never thought themselves as an activist before.\"

Richards, Garza and Poo spent the past year traveling the country talking to women about how to harness their activism. They found that despite increased energy, many women find getting involved in politics intimidating and are unclear about how to do more than just march or protest.

\"Women are mad as hell and we've been in resistance mode for two years,\" Garza said. \"Now it's time to equip people.\"

Supermajority isn't expected to endorse individual candidates. But the group will help educate women about candidates' positions on issues including pay equity and affordable child care and push politicians to adopt an agenda akin to what Richards called a \"women's new deal.\"

The effort will be aided by Libby Chamberlain and Cortney Tunis, co-founders of the Facebook group Pantsuit Nation, which was started in the closing weeks of the 2016 election for supporters of Hillary Clinton. The online community now has more than 3.5 million female members.

___

Follow Julie Pace at http://twitter.com/jpaceDC

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The record number of women legislators on Capitol Hill could have a positive impact on women's retirement security. More than 100 women were sworn-into office as members of the U.S. House last week.

This new \"sisterhood\" of lawmakers brings a stronger female perspective to the nation's retirement challenges - which disproportionately affect women - and the possibility of reversing long-term trends that will decrease women's financial stability during their senior years.

Historically, women have had fewer assets and income in retirement, and depend more heavily on Social Security to make ends meet. The ongoing gender pay gap - and time away from the workforce caring for family - diminish women's Social Security retirement benefits. In 2018, women's average monthly benefits were 21 percent lower than men's. At the same time, women's greater longevity means their retirement dollars must stretch over a greater number of years.

As mothers, caregivers, and members of the workforce, most women of the 116th Congress understand these critical issues and are well positioned to affect change. Elle magazine described some of the incoming lawmakers as \"women who can't afford their rent until their new job starts... women who look nothing like Mr. Smith, and who are revolutionizing Washington.\"

In fact, studies have shown that female lawmakers elevate policies benefiting women more than their male counterparts do. \"We can't predict X, Y, Z policy will pass, but we can safely say that there will be issues brought to the table that have otherwise not been there,\" Rutgers political science professor Kelly Dittmar recently told the online news site, \"Vox.\"

Of course, improving women's retirement security begins with protecting the financial health of all older Americans, as victorious candidates in the 2018 midterms promised. Freshman Nevada Sen. Jacky Rosen (D), who took time off of work to care for elderly parents, pledged to oppose \"any attempt to cut or privatize Medicare and Social Security.\"

Rep. Abigail Spanberger (D-Va.) scored an upset victory in Virginia vowing to \"protect Social Security and Medicare so we can meet our obligations to seniors, now and into the future.\" Incoming New Mexico Deborah Haaland (D) declared, \"We must defend Medicare, expand Social Security, and provide tax credits for families who care for their elders.\"

Indeed, boosting Social Security and Medicare benefits would go a long way toward improving women's retirement security. Congress could enact legislation that has languished under previous leadership on Capitol Hill to do just that, including Rep. John Larson's (D-Conn.) Social Security 2100 Act and myriad bills to enhance Medicare benefits, such as Rep. Debbie Dingell's (D-Mich.) Medicare Hearing Aid Coverage Act.

But there is even more to be done to increase elderly women's financial security:

\nGender pay equity

Strengthen and reform the Equal Pay Act of 1963 by putting an end to pay secrecy, enhance workers' ability to challenge discrimination and bringing equal pay law into line with other civil rights laws.

\nCaregiver credit

Create an annual Social Security caregiver credit for each year spent away from the workforce caring for family (up to five years).

\nImprove survivor benefits

Increase the benefit paid to a surviving spouse to an amount that is equal to 75 percent of the total combined benefits that were paid to the couple prior to the spouse's death, capped at the benefit level of a lifelong average earner.

\nConsumer Price Index for the elderly

Adopt the Consumer Price Index for The Elderly (CPI-E) for the purpose of determining cost-of living adjustments (COLAs) for Social Security benefits. This would be especially valuable to women because they live longer.

\nBoost benefits for beneficiaries 85+

Provide a bump-up in benefits at age 85, which would help older women better keep pace with increases in the cost of living.

These measures would go a long way toward addressing retirement inequities that have been awaiting solutions for decades. None other than Eleanor Roosevelt, whose husband, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, signed Social Security into law, realized the depth of the problem more than 80 years ago. She devoted four decades fighting for gender equality and advancing women's economic security, which is why our organization launched an educational initiative called \"Eleanor's Hope\" in her honor.

\"My grandmother's activism for women's equity... was based on her boundless optimism that the American people could move mountains if only freed from the fear of want and destitution,\" said her grandson, James Roosevelt, Jr., Vice Chair of the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare advisory board. \"Her hope has yet to be fully realized for too many Americans.\"

In 2018, we supported candidates in the midterm elections who shared Mrs. Roosevelt's vision of freeing the elderly from the \"fear of want and destitution.\" Most of the candidates we backed were victorious - and nearly thirty of them were women. As the Boston Herald observed on the day the 116th Congress was gaveled into session, \"Voters sent a clear message to Washington in the mid-term election: They want real change and they want women to get the job done.\"

Max Richtman is president and CEO of the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare.

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The rules for Social Security benefits were first established in the 1930s and continue to be based on the idea of the traditional family.
Changing marriage patterns and caregiving needs put the modern woman at a distinct disadvantage, even as they face longer life spans, less earnings and fewer years in the work force.
While proposed policies such as caregiver credits could mitigate these negative effects, women today should carefully strategize how they claim so that they don't come up short in their elder years.

\n\n

When it comes to claiming Social Security retirement benefits, no one should take the decision of when or how to claim lightly.

And that goes especially for women, who are more likely to suffer financially if they make the wrong choice.

Social Security's rules for retirement benefits were first set in the 1930s. And they have haven't necessarily caught up with today's families.

That puts one party in particular at a disadvantage: the modern woman, according research from the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. A 2018 survey by Nationwide found that 62 percent of women expect Social Security benefits to be their primary source of income in retirement.

How much Social Security retirement benefits you receive is largely based on your work record. The Social Security Administration averages your highest 35 years of earnings.

There are two other important ways of claiming benefits based on your marital status: spousal benefits and survivor benefits. And those strategies are still more commonly used by women, according to Andrew Eschtruth, communications director at the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College and co-author of the research.

But marital patterns have changed. Shorter marriages - those that lasted less than 10 years - mean that spousal or survivor benefits are often off the table.

Abel Mitja Varela | Agency Collection | Getty Images

Meanwhile, many women are still taking time out of the work force to care for children, parents and sometimes even spouses. Consequently, their own earnings records and resulting Social Security benefits take a hit.

\"The concern comes in when you have a woman who has two responsibilities, one as a worker, one as a mother,\" Eschtruth said. \"Those two responsibilities can come into conflict ... It's harder for her to have the same level of benefits and protection of Social Security as it would have provided to that more traditional household.\"

Persistent challenges

Women still largely face an uphill battle when it comes to claiming Social Security and planning for retirement, Nationwide's 2018 survey found.

\"Women have some unusual challenges relative to men, in that they live longer, so they're spending more years in retirement,\" said Tina Ambrozy, president of sales and distribution at Nationwide. \"They also have issues with the wage gap of not earning as much.\"

Once they are in retirement, women are facing high health care costs and live longer. And their expectations from Social Security are not always realistic.

Most women - 58 percent - expect Social Security to cover all of their expenses in retirement. In reality, those benefits will only cover about 40 percent of their retirement costs, according to Ambrozy.

One reason for that: Women are spending 10 years out of the work force, on average, to serve as caregivers, Ambrozy said.

Possible changes

One potential change to Social Security rules that could reduce that pressure on women: Caregiver credits, according to the Center for Retirement Research.

The idea is not new. Caregiver credits are available to citizens of other parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Sweden and Germany.

The credits could work one of two ways, according to Eschtruth. They could take away the years when a caregiver earned zero out of the equation, thus bringing the average for their highest earning years higher.

Or the individual could receive a straight wage credit, where money that the individual did not technically make would be factored into those calculations to compensate them for caregiving.

So far, proposals for caregiving credits have mostly stayed on the periphery of policy debates, according to Eschtruth.

\"The real issue is the extent to which the country's major social insurance program, Social Security, takes into account the changing labor force and marital patterns ... and whether motherhood or fatherhood is expressly valued,\" Eschtruth said.

How to plan

Because there are thousands of rules for claiming Social Security, it is easy for anyone to miss a strategy that could give them a bigger paycheck. For women, the stakes are higher.

\"Women have so many strikes against them,\" said financial advisor Cary Carbonaro, managing director at United Capital. \"We need more money, not less money.\"

By actively planning for Social Security, women can avoid coming up short.

Start strategizing early.

Avoid claiming at 62.

\nKeep timing in mind. Think about the consequences that a divorce or death of a spouse could have on your claiming strategy. You may want to push a divorce until a bit later if you're close to the 10-year mark, said Natalie Colley, an analyst at Francis Financial. Also keep in mind that you can't claim a spousal benefit within two years of getting a divorce, she said. Survivor benefits can be claimed starting at age 60 following the death of a spouse.
\nGet a professional opinion. Coordinating the best strategy for an individual - and their spouse, if relevant - requires expertise. \"It's a big decision, and I think people take it lightly,\" Carbonaro said. \"They don't realize it's going to impact them for the rest of their lives.\"

\n\n

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Just over a century ago, Jeannette Rankin of Montana won a seat in the House of Representatives, becoming the first woman ever elected to federal office. In 1917, 128 years after the first United States Congress convened, she was sworn into its 65th session.

One hundred and two years later, one has become 131 - the number of women serving in both chambers of the 116th Congress as of this month.

For most of recorded American history, political power has looked a certain way. Portraits of power call certain images to mind - those of older, white men, dressed in suits and depicted in formal settings.

The 2018 midterm elections ushered in a change in representation; for the first time, more than 100 women serve in the House of Representatives - out of 435 seats - and members of color were elected in more states than ever before.

This portraits series documents the women of the 116th Congress in their totality. Like the work of Kehinde Wiley, who painted Barack Obama's official presidential portrait, these photographs evoke the imagery we are used to seeing in the halls of power, but place people not previously seen as powerful starkly in the frames.

Viewed together, these portraits demonstrate the scale of the number of women in both the House and Senate. But, when seen as singular portraits, each image represents an individual with her own perspective - in political beliefs, personal goals and histories.

Many of these women, spanning generations, serve as firsts in Congress: the first women representing their states, the first female combat veteran, the first Native American women, the first Muslim women, the first openly gay member of the Senate, the first woman Speaker of the House - the list goes on.

Though women's numbers in Congress have, on average, risen over the years, growth has been neither linear nor steady. And while white women have served in Congress since 1917, and in the Senate since 1922 (though at the time only for one day), it wasn't until 1964 that a woman of color was elected, when Patsy Takemoto Mink was voted into the House. The Senate did not have its first woman of color until Illinois elected Carol Moseley Braun in 1992.

Recent gains in women's representation have been unevenly split across the political aisle. While in the 1980s, Democrats and Republicans had roughly the same number of women serving, about 80 percent of the women in Congress now are Democrats.

What it means to be a woman in power varies significantly, even among this class of 131 women. For some, their identity as women is an integral aspect of their life experiences and thus their legislative approach. Others say they are not defined by their gender and should be seen as politicians that happen to be women, rather than women politicians.

More women holding elected office is significant not only in that it brings Congress closer to looking like the American population. It also expands the collective imagination about what power can and should look like.

Portraits of these women of the 116th Congress are a testament to what power looks like in 2019 - and the possibilities of what it may look like in the years to come.

\n\n

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\nOn November 6, 2018, 35 new women were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, making this incoming class the most diverse by race and gender in the body's 230-year history. They join nearly 70 women incumbents, resulting in over 100 women representatives. To commemorate the milestone, photographer Christelle de Castro captured 27 of the Members-Elect during their first week of Orientation. (The eight who weren't photographed were unavailable due to scheduling conflicts). Journalist Jill Filipovic expounds on the significance of the moment.

It was Ayanna Pressley, at the airport, who finally got to me. This past November, two years after Donald Trump lost the popular vote but still won the White House, a record number of women swept to victory in the midterm elections. When they are sworn into Congress on January 3, among them will be the first Muslim congresswomen, the first Native American congresswomen, and the first African American congresswomen from New England-Jahana Hayes and Pressley. En route to freshman orientation in Washington, DC, Pressley tweeted a photo of herself at the airport, looking jaunty in an olive coat and page-boy cap. The photo caption referenced the movie Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, but Pressley advised her followers to \"scratch that,\" and replace Mr. Smith with \"Sandy Pressley's daughter, Mrs. Ayanna Soyini Pressley Harris.\" She then thanked the late Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman elected to Congress and a 1972 presidential candidate.

After two years of stewing darkly in the cynicism of post-2016 America, I thought any spark of political optimism I may have once held had been tamped down to embers. For as long as America has been a nation, Congress has been dominated by white men. Women like Chisholm chipped away at the seemingly immovable, forever truth of white male majority rule; women like Hillary Clinton-even if she did not ultimately win the presidency-did, too. And here was Pressley, asserting her place on that trajectory. Things do not improve or progress by themselves. Pressley at the airport flying to Washington-all of these women taking their seats in Congress-is one more marker of progress within a long history of hard-won victories and agonizing failures.

Looking into Pressley's face smiling back at me from my phone, I felt, for the first time in a long time, a little bit of light seep in.

I was admittedly late to the optimism party. In the months leading up to the midterms, women (and a lot of men) around the country had been busting their butts to elect those who would go on to make up the most diverse Congress ever. They were fueled by steady determination and simmering fury. Trump's inauguration coincided with the largest march in U.S. history, an event focused on women's rights and attended by millions who seemed simultaneously outraged and a touch sheepish at their own complacency. Too many people had been too comfortable, too sure that the hypercompetent, overly qualified woman would beat the reality TV star, an unrepentant misogynist who had never held elected office. 2016 was an awakening. And when the 2018 midterms rolled around, these women weren't about to make the same mistake twice.

The women who rode the pink wave to Congress are not business-as-usual politicians. They're young, lesbian and bisexual, women of color, immigrants. Women who clap back to haters on Twitter. Women who can't afford their rent until their new job starts.

Several congresswomen Instagrammed and tweeted their trips to Washington, conversing directly with constituents and exuding both excitement about their new roles and respect for the gravity that comes with public service. They showed how the process works, demystified it, made politics look fun. Following them on social media felt human and relatable. Their unvarnished enthusiasm also betrayed a total lack of entitlement. Unlike so many congressmen before them, the women posting selfies from DC never presumed that the title of \"congresswoman\" was their birthright.

But of course, breaking the old rules-or even just doing things a little differently-is never cost-free. The new class has faced skepticism often out of proportion to its actual influence, scrutiny that goes beyond typical political hardball. During congressional orientation, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who at 29 is the youngest woman to serve in Congress, tweeted that staff repeatedly mistook her for an intern or a spouse; several right-wing commentators called her a liar. The next day, someone on the Hill took a covert photo of Ocasio-Cortez in a fairly unremarkable but perfectly professional outfit, and a conservative journalist tweeted it out, remarking, \"That jacket and coat don't look like a girl who struggles.\" The snark was meant to undermine Ocasio-Cortez's earlier disclosure that she needs her congressional salary to kick in before she can afford rent in DC.

Ocasio-Cortez has been something of a lightning rod for political controversy, mostly because she's an outspoken, far-left young woman who is attractive but in no way submissive or compliant (a combination that triggers a special kind of rage in her detractors). Among her new female peers in Congress, she has gotten both the bulk of the coverage and the bulk of the public criticism. But her experiences, which she has documented on social media, are just a preview of what she and her similarly situated colleagues will surely face. When they start pushing for real change, things are going to get worse-much worse.

Women in power almost never have an easy path.

While backlash and disappointment are likely, disillusionment is only as powerful as we make it. That isn't a plea for overlooking craven decision-making or political expediency, but rather an offering to savor this particular moment and know that the highs are what sustain and arm us for the unavoidable lows. Change begets change, and this moment marks not the conclusion of a struggle, but one signpost in a longer journey toward a truly equitable nation. Let the record show that in 2018, we crept ever closer to a Congress that is truly by and for the people.

This is a seismic shift; such significant movement means the ground under our feet may not always feel stable. Right now, we fortify our roots by soaking up the joy of advancement and basking in the glow of Instagram feeds of women who look nothing like Mr. Smith, and who are revolutionizing Washington.

Hair and makeup by Ellen Guhin for Amika and Becca Cosmetics

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Women made history on Tuesday night, winning more seats in Congress than ever before.

By press time, at least 92 had won in the House and 10 had won in the Senate (joining 10 already in the upper chamber) for a total of 112 women - the most women to serve in Congress at once in history. (The previous record was 107.)

Women also hit a series of significant milestones. Deb Haaland and Sharice Davids are the first Native American women elected to Congress. Rashida Tlaib and Ilhan Omar are the first Muslim women set to represent their states in the House. And Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Abby Finkenauer are due to be the youngest women to serve as lawmakers.

Women mobilized in opposition to President Donald Trump immediately after his election, leading the largest public demonstration in American history the day after his inauguration. They then built the largest sustained resistance in generations. A record number of women entered Democratic primaries and ran for state and local office, and went on to outperform their male colleagues in races nationwide.

Women didn't just contribute to the blue wave; they fueled it.

More women in Congress isn't just a symbolic victory

There are a lot of reasons to elect more women to Congress - including simply that equal representation in government is vital to ensure that the broader country is fairly represented.

Study after study has found that women raise more policies related to women's health and issues like family leave compared to their male counterparts. As Georgetown University's Michele Swers found in research examining Congress in the 1990s, liberal female legislators co-sponsored 10.6 bills related to women's health, on average, which amounted to 5.3 more bills than liberal male legislators.

\"We can't predict X, Y, Z policy will pass, but we can safely say that there will be issues brought to the table that have otherwise not been there,\" says Kelly Dittmar, a political science professor and scholar at Rutgers University's Center for Women in Politics. \"Having more diverse perspectives among the women in office will ensure that more women in the electorate are better represented.\"

Plus, as Vox's Sarah Kliff has reported, women in Congress have a track record of getting more done. A study from UC Berkeley's Sarah Anzia and University of Chicago's Christopher Berry found that female legislators were able to bring back $49 million more for their districts on an annual basis, compared to male legislators.

These outcomes could be a byproduct of how women and men approach running for office in the first place, says Dittmar. When asked why they are pursuing an elected position, women were more likely to identify a policy they really care about, she notes, while men were more likely to say it was because they wanted to be an elected official.

More women running for office and winning these seats is likely to impact how people perceive women becoming candidates in the future. \"As more women run, more women get interested in politics and think it's a plausible path for them,\" says Notre Dame political science professor Christina Wolbrecht.

\"That's one of the most valuable outcomes of this year even beyond the numbers,\" says Dittmar. A study from political analytics expert Amelia Showalter previously found that when more women are elected to statewide offices like governor, senator, and attorney general, the number of women in the state legislature saw significant increases down the line.

This record number of women elected could have a similar multiplier effect - changing what people envision when they think of what political candidates and leaders should look and sound like.

\"We've pushed voters to think,\" says Dittmar. \"I don't see the conversation we're having nationally about gender and power dying down after this election.\"

What made this the year for women to break barriers

While women will still be outnumbered in Congress, there's no question that there was a substantial wave - especially on the Democratic side. Emily's List, a Democratic group that helps fundraise for and support women candidates who support abortion rights, saw outreach from more than 42,000 women this cycle. In 2016, the organization heard from just 920 women.

This sizable increase comes from, first and foremost, pushback against Trump, experts say. Much like in 1992, the other renowned \"Year of the Woman,\" women are broadly fed up with pervasive abuses of power - including Trump's bragging about sexual assault, comments that were captured by the infamous Access Hollywood tape.

\"Since the election of 2016, we've seen an explosion of awareness of how entrenched male privilege and power has been,\" says the University of Kentucky's Susan Bordo. \"Partly, that's been the result of having elected a president whose misogyny is so blatant.\"

\"That election was a real slap in the face to a lot of us,\" Mikie Sherrill, the Congress member-elect for New Jersey's 11th House District, told Bloomberg.

In addition to a groundswell of enthusiasm and outrage this year, there's also been a slow but steady establishment of infrastructure to promote women candidates.

\"One explanation for why we're seeing growth continue on the Democratic side is that Democrats have Emily's List and it is a major source of strength for Democratic women,\" says UC Berkeley's Anzia. \"There are similar organizations on the Republican side but nowhere near the reach of Emily's List.\"

As Roll Call reported, Emily's List is on track to spend $37 million on roughly 30 House races during the 2018 cycle. In addition to bolstering candidates' campaign coffers, the organization is involved in recruitment and training of women.

\"Two things are going on this year,\" says Boston University political science professor Virginia Sapiro. \"More Democratic women are energized because of the anti-woman stance of the current administration, and there is a growth of organizations devoted to recruiting and training Democratic women candidates.\"

On top of these two trends, there's been a growing bench of women candidates who are coming up through various state legislatures. According to Rutgers's Center for American Women and Politics, the number of women in state legislatures has grown fivefold since the 1970s. These government bodies often serve as a feeder for other statewide offices and congressional roles.

Arizona's Kyrsten Sinema and Tennessee's Marsha Blackburn both served in their respective state legislatures, for example, before ascending to congressional seats and launching bids for the Senate.

Trump helped women redefine \"qualified\"

Voters are also reevaluating the kind of experience it takes to pursue elected office. A huge contribution to this year's wave of women has been a notable increase in first-time candidates.

\"With the rise of Donald Trump, people are rethinking their assumption about what previous experience you need to be successful in politics,\" Notre Dame's Wolbrecht says. Women have also long been viewed as \"outsiders\" in politics, she notes. It's a perception that could be advantageous in a year when people are fed up with \"politics as usual.\"

Historically, \"women are less politically ambitious - they are less likely to think of running for office, they are less likely to want to, they are less likely to think they are qualified,\" says Anzia.

She emphasizes that women's interest in running, or lack thereof, is a key piece of the current dynamic that needs to be examined, but adds that there's also much to be learned about how the electorate treats and perceives women candidates. \"We need to better understand the role of voters,\" she says.

Her research has found that female candidates are more qualified, on average, than male candidates. While this pattern could be a result of women feeling like they need to be more qualified in order to run for office, it could also mean that the electorate would only consider and advance a woman if she were more qualified compared to her male counterparts, she says.

The barriers to women's decisions to run are backed up by research from the University of Virginia's Jennifer Lawless and Loyola Marymount's Richard Fox; women tend to be more risk-averse and may be less inclined to run given negative perceptions of how other women politicians are treated.

But now, with such an array of diverse women making it into office, that old calculation could start to change.

The United States is still far behind other developed countries in women's representation

The United States made a lot of progress, but we still have a long way to go.

As Soo Oh and Sarah Kliff reported for Vox last year: \"In the past two decades, the US has sunk from 52nd in the world for women's representation to 104th today, according to data compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union. In the past year alone, the US has dropped nine places - from 95th to 104th - among more than 190 countries.\"

A 2015 Pew report offered similarly dismal findings. Pew's survey determined that the US ranked 33rd among a list of 49 high-income countries, trailing Sweden and South Africa in the proportion of women who make up the national legislature.

A number of other countries around the world have outpaced the US due to national policies, including quota systems, to actively promote women in government roles, Oh and Kliff write.

\n
Take, for example, Bolivia. Twenty years ago, it ranked 98th for women's representation, and as recently as 2008, only 16.9 percent of its representatives were women. But in 2009, the country passed a constitutional amendment requiring equal gender representation in government. The Bolivian legislature is now 53.1 percent women and ranks second in the world.
\n

Without such programs, America has continued to inch toward congressional parity at its own glacial pace. \"It is time for America to rethink our tactics on electing more women and to reconsider structural reforms, such as quotas, that make such a difference in the rest of the world,\" writes activist Susannah Wellford in an op-ed for US News.

Absent such changes, the same kinds of barriers that reaffirm the status quo will persist - even with the influx of women in Congress. \"Women were still less than 25 percent of candidates this cycle,\" says Dittmar. \"Even with an increase, women are still confronting many of the constraints they face in society.\"

\"I have no expectation in my lifetime that women will be 50 percent of the legislature. I just don't,\" says Wolbrecht.

It's up to women in future election cycles to prove this expectation wrong.

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