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My first job at the age of 12 was selling newspapers door to door in my neighborhood. By 16, I was working in a food court, and by 20, I had landed my first professional job at a local nonprofit organization. I have participated in the workforce and earned a steady paycheck for nearly my entire life. I worked out of necessity and for survival, which is true for many women in the workforce.

Recent data released from the Department of Labor show that for the first time in 10 years, women make up more than half (50.04%) of the workforce. Many have celebrated this milestone as proof that women are inching toward equality in the workplace. After all, a hallmark of women's equality in America has always been increased labor force participation.

For women in today's economy, however, increased employment also carries an increased burden. Women earn less, have less flexibility in terms of their work schedules to meet caretaking demands, and are more likely to experience discrimination based on gender or sexual harassment than their male counterparts in the workforce.

In this election cycle, candidates must do more to speak to policies that improve women's economic security and well-being.

Across the board, women earn less than men in nearly every occupation for which there is available data. If we do nothing, women will not reach economic parity with men until 2059. For women of color, it will take more than a century: 2130 for black women and 2224 for Hispanic women. This means women will have to work longer or hold multiple jobs to make ends meet and to care for their families.

Women carry more burdens at home

Increased employment among women has not translated into less work at home. Many women in the workforce are still primarily responsible for the lion's share of housework and caretaking responsibilities compared with men.

A new study by Oxfam America-Institute for Women's Policy Research finds that women in the United States spend 37% more time on household and care work than their male counterparts, limiting career choices and economic mobility, and affecting their overall health and well-being. Black and Hispanic women spend nearly twice as much time on unpaid housework and caretaking demands as their male counterparts.

Talking it out:Learning to discuss complicate d issues ahead of the election

We want to hear from you: Be a part of the solution to finding solutions. Tell us here.

Much has been made about our strong economy as measured by how well the stock market performs and low unemployment. There's no doubt the increase in workforce participation among women will help bolster this narrative. However, it does not mean that women are more economically secure.

For many families, and especially for women, a strong economy is not about how well the stock market performs, the number of jobs added to the economy each month or the record low unemployment rate. It's about whether they can pay their bills, put food on the table and have some semblance of work-life balance.

In today's economy, working and middle-class families continue to struggle with rising housing and health care costs, stagnant wages and a shift to a technology-driven economy fueled by automation and the loss of manufacturing jobs. These trends have a disproportionate impact on women.

Economy doesn't work for everyone

In economic upturns and times of strength, prosperity is usually shared. This has not happened in this administration. Gains have been funneled back into the pockets of those who have the most.

According to the Census Bureau, income inequality is the highest it has ever been since it began tracking it more than five decades ago. And although the nation's median household income topped $63,000 for the first time in 2018, after adjusting for inflation, it's roughly the same as it was 20 years ago.

In short, not everyone is doing well, particularly women and lower-wage workers.

In a strong economy, we should be investing in programs and policies that will raise wages, create economic stability and certainty ease the load for working and middle-class families. These policies include: requiring paid sick and family medical leave, doing more to close the gender wage gap, raising the minimum wage and lowering health care costs. For working women, affordable high-quality child care is a priority that hasn't gotten much traction in election year policy debates.

If we do more to accelerate closing the wage gap, we can cut poverty in half for working women in every state. Providing paid sick and family medical leave for a larger number of workers means people won't lose their jobs or income if they are sick or have to care for a child or family member who is ill.

Related to health care, whether it is \"Medicare for All,\" Obamacare or a plan that is able to accommodate private insurance, families cannot continue to absorb the out-of-control costs associated with a broken health system.

Platitudes, promises and grandiose plans won't cut it this election cycle. Both parties have to do more to convince voters, especially women, they can deliver an economy that benefits all, and not just the few at the top.

\nC. Nicole Mason, Ph.D., is president and CEO of the Institute for Women's Policy Research.

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It's a harsh reality of modern retirement planning: Women live on average five years longer than men, yet they accumulate less for retirement. According to the 2019 Bank of America Merrill Lynch Workplace Benefits Report, women come to retirement with $70,000 less than men.

Are women worse savers? Hardly. According to research from Vanguard, women participate in retirement plans in greater numbers than men. The difference in savings boils down to wages.

First, there's the gender pay gap. Despite having more education than men, women still only earn 80% of what their male counterparts do.

Women also get penalized for motherhood, suffering around a 4% decline in wages for each child they have, according to think tank Third Way. Men, on the other hand, experience a \"daddy bonus,\" seeing their wages rise about 6% with each child.

And because women are more likely to be caregivers, both for their children and elderly relatives, according to the Merrill Lynch survey, they are also more likely to take breaks from their careers, work part-time or participate in the gig economy. What they gain in flexibility, they also lose in access to employer-sponsored retirement plans.

In short, women must finance more years of living expenses, health care and long-term care, but they've got less money to do it with.

\"Awareness of the issues is the single most important first step to addressing the issues,\" said Catherine Collinson, president and CEO of the Transamerica Institute and the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies. \"There are many things women can do [for their retirements] that are within reach.\"

Experts recommend these four steps.

At the beginning of your career, saving for retirement on top of food, rent, insurance and possibly student loan debt seems beyond daunting. But it's one of the most effective things you can do for the future. The earlier you start, the less you need to save, because compounding does a lot of the work for you.

Financial planners like Maria Bruno, head of U.S. wealth planning research with Vanguard, recommend putting aside 15% of your pretax salary for retirement. Can't swing 15%? Start small and build up. A little retirement savings is always better than nothing.

\"Retirement savings isn't all or nothing,\" insisted Bruno. \"Maybe at first you take advantage of your company's match so you only save 3%; then you increase your savings by 1% a year. By the time you're 30, you'll be at that 15% level.\"

Also, in the early years, be particularly mindful of your salary negotiations. Your early salary is the foundation for future earnings, so it behooves you to learn the art of negotiation.

\"Know your worth and don't settle for the first offer,\" said Judith Ward, senior financial planner with T. Rowe Price Associates. \"Do some research on your industry and position and be knowledgeable going into a salary negotiation.\"

No one likes to budget, but it's the clearest way to get a handle on your money. Being aware of where your money goes each month can help you identify which areas to cut back on and how much you can redirect toward retirement.

\"You need to get smart about what your spending is,\" said Stacy Francis, a certified financial planner and president and CEO of Francis Financial. \"What you earn is important, but what you spend is even more important,\"

There are a number of apps like mint.com and YNAB (You Need A Budget) to simplify budgeting. A simple spreadsheet works, too. When you've figured out where to trim and how much to allocate to retirement, automate your savings. Many companies do this for employees through auto-enrollment features, but you can automate additional savings on top of that yourself.

\"I say take [retirement savings] off the top and that forces you to live within your means with the remaining amount,\" said Bruno.

Who says 65 is the magic retirement age?

\"The whole retirement thing is really outdated,\" said Kathleen Burns Kingsbury, a wealth psychology expert and founder of KBK Wealth Connection. \"There's an upside to living longer and that's that you can have a really vibrant life well beyond 65.\"

Aside from staying engaged, working longer also lets you build up a bigger nest egg and maximize your Social Security.

\"To think that you can work for 30 or 40 years and have enough money to fund retirement for 30 or 40 years doesn't add up mathematically,\" said Collinson of Transamerica. \"We all need to think about extending our work lives.\"

More Americans are getting on board with delayed retirement. Pew Research reports that 29% of baby boomers age 65 to 72 are either in the workforce or looking for work, a much higher percentage than older generations were when they were that age.

\"It doesn't mean you have to continue to work the way you did before,\" insisted Collinson. \"You might shift from full-time to part-time, maybe seasonally. The idea is, you continue to work but with more freedom and flexibility.\"

The gig economy allows people to take on part-time or project-based work to bring in additional income.

\nDisclosure: NBCUniversal and Comcast Ventures are investors in .

While Social Security makes up 40% of the average person's retirement income, for women it plays a bigger role. Because it's such a valuable source of retirement income, it's important to maximize this benefit.

You are eligible to receive Social Security at age 62, but you'll get dinged for each month you collect before your normal retirement age, which for anyone born after 1960 is 67 years old. By the same token, you get a bonus of about 8% a year for waiting until age 70.

\"For most women it pays to wait til age 70,\" said Francis. \"If you start collecting at age 70, you could be collecting for the next 20 or 25 years at a higher rate.\"

To be sure, retirement is a heavy lift for most people. For women it's compounded by lower wages, caregiving responsibilities, breaks from the workforce and greater longevity. While you may not be able to solve all these societal issues on your own, there's a lot you can do to shore up your own retirement security.

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Evan McGonagill, 31, had a very different vision of her life.

She imagined that she'd be living in Philadelphia, where she was building a career in university library archives. She planned to climb the ladder in her field and then perhaps go to graduate school.

But a visit to her mother's house in Boston changed all of that.

\"[My mother] had always been the record keeper in the family. She had done everything with our finances,\" said McGonagill. \"But when I visited...I was knee-deep in papers in two rooms. It was just a sea of scrambled records.\"

McGonagill didn't know that her mother, who is in her 70s, had been suffering from major neurocognitive disorder, a precursor to Alzheimer's. Her mother had been forgetting to pay bills. Debt collectors and scammers were calling.

McGonagill decided to live with her mother for a few months to get her on track. A few months turned into several when her parents had to divorce, sell their house and move into different apartments.

The end of the caregiving never came. It's been two years since McGonagill moved in with her mom in a Brighton, Mass. apartment, and her father's health is now fading, too. She schleps them both to appointments and manages her mother's medications and the household.

McGonagill let her job grant expire and didn't seek further employment in Philadelphia. She's held a rotating set of odd, flexible gigs while her parents' insurance-thankfully-paid for their medical and assistive care. In turn, McGonagill has had to put her career on the backburner.

\"I've never had a moment to get myself to set up in a different professional network,\" McGonagill told Know Your Value. \"I've been in survival mode for two years, putting out fires constantly, moving my mom from the house to an apartment, hiring someone else to help. It's been full-time.\"

McGonagill's situation is very common. Northwestern University found that up to 80 percent of older adults are cared for at home by family. More than half of caregivers are also employed.

And according to the National Alliance on Caregiving, 60 percent of caregivers are women, but the proportion of men who caregive (40 percent) is rapidly growing.

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Since 1993, the U.S. has mandated that employers must grant 12 weeks of unpaid family leave. However, this protection only affects companies with 50 employees or more (so, 60 percent of the workforce) and the majority of caretakers cannot afford to take this time off. Six states - Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Washington state and Washington D.C. - currently mandate some paid family leave.

Meanwhile, 43 million Americans work as unpaid family caregivers, according to the AARP. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine found that 8.5 million caregivers are caring for a high-needs adult, meaning the adult has dementia and/or they need help with two or more daily self-care activities, such as bathing or dressing.

The same study found that caregiving is rarely short-term; 70 percent of caregivers surveyed had been in their positions already between two and 10 years. About half of caregivers do so out of obligation, be it cultural or due to specific family issues. Caregivers are likelier than non-caregivers to suffer from anxiety, depression, social isolation and financial loss.

As a result, \"there are a lot self-identification problems,\" said C. Grace Whiting, president and CEO of the National Alliance on Caregiving. \"What the research has said is people resist self-identifying as caregivers because it's more like a second job than a true vocation. There's a concern that the caregiving relationship is going to take over your life and replace other identities you have that are important to you. Then of course, there's the existential worry that your family member is dying.\"

In Vermont, Cathy McWilliam, 59, has been a caretaker for multiple elder members of her family for seven years. A hairstylist, McWilliam always imagined opening a salon of her own after her kids left the house. Her caregiving schedule, however, meant that she needed to continue her track of freelancing with a flexible schedule.

\"I'm self-employed, and I can control my own thing,\" McWilliam said. \"But I always thought I'd have my own building and the whole dream.\"

McWilliam said that she has suffered mentally and physically from being on-call 24-7 for her mother, who has dementia.

\"I wake up with heart palpitations, panic attacks, arrhythmia,\" said McWilliam. \"I'm more forgetful.\"

Until the RAISE Family Caregiving Act passed in 2018, there was no official federal language around unpaid family caregiving. Priorities of the act include improving financial security and workplace issues for families, respite care options, and family planning throughout the U.S.

However, the law is in its infancy. The data is difficult to collect, according to the NASEM study, due to murky definitions of caregiving and a lack of official metrics. Caregivers are still not officially recognized by the U.S. health care system, thereby denying them rights to resources or information about the dependent.

According to Whiting, the lack of education and cultural discussion around caretaking means that many people are often caught financially and logistically unprepared.

\"I'd love to see us get to a place where we talk about caregiving as a normal part of our lives,\" said Whiting. \"Having conversations early and often about what does it look like, asking 'If you're 80, mom, what do you want your life to look like?' People are uncomfortable talking about it at first, but the more you talk about it the more it's destigmatized.\"

In the meantime, more companies are open to remote, flexible employees. Sue Bhatia founded the staffing agency Rose International, which places thousands of contingency workers -or project-based workers - into jobs, ranging from $12 to $300 an hour. Rose International connects employers with potential contingency workers and negotiates their rates and flexibility. Women make up 65 percent of her workforce.

\"There is a huge demand for skilled workers,\" Bhatia said. \"Because of this huge demand, employers are willing to work with people who have a good skill set and soft skill set, it's hard to find people who are eager to change and learn, so employers are more flexible in that regard. People can relate to a lot of these caregiving situations, and because of that, they're flexible. Humanization is happening\"

Bhatia said she placed one IT employee who had to take her mother to chemotherapy treatment frequently. This woman would bring her laptop and work while her mother underwent the treatments, Bhatia said.

\"As long as the person's good, it's in everybody's interest to be flexible,\" said Bhatia. \"Mostly people who contingent workers are experienced. They're there because their skill set is unique and hard to find...Anyone who is a self-learner and can learn things themselves, take a couple of courses online - there are ways to gather skill sets. especially if people are ready to take responsibility for their own career.\"

Mary Pembleton is a rare person who made full-time caregiving work as a job. She was studying nursing when her grandfather fell ill. Due to his veteran status, Pembleton was able to get paid as a full-time caregiver for him, while also staying home with her children. After he passed away four years later, Pembleton started pursuing a writing career. She published a story about caregiving in the New York Times.

\"I'm a natural caregiver and I love it, so it actually worked out quite well,\" said Pembleton.

Pembleton suggested carving out time for yourself and your own family in order to get through the harder times. Whiting said that caretakers should turn to support groups in hospitals, through specific agencies like the Cancer Society, or online. Exercise self-care, and a positive attitude wherever possible, Whiting said.

\"Make sure you have plenty to celebrate as a family, so that when you have a tough day, you can withdraw a happy memory from the emotional bank so to speak, so you can say 'this is a really hard day but I love my mom and we've done happy things recently,\" Whiting said

Whiting also argued that there is a very bright side to caregiving that we often ignore.

\"There's so much out there about the challenges of caregiving, you just think 'that's a drag.' There's a richness there, of being able to celebrate someone and take care of someone you love...to be there with someone through these difficult situations,\" Whiting said. \"It's not just the drudgery of it. There's a compelling human need to caregive.\"

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The Story

We're one year out from the 2020 election, and millennial women have mixed emotions.

How do you know?

We asked them. Last month, theSkimm surveyed 1,067 millennial women (aka ages 23-38) to get an idea of where their heads are at going into 2020.

And...where are their heads at?

They're feeling both hopeful and anxious. Two-thirds are dissatisfied with the way things are going in the US. Since the 2016 election, things have been, uh, fraught.

Oh I hadn't noticed.

Sure sure. The encouraging news is, in the last few years, 29% of millennial women say they've had a meaningful convo with someone who has different political views. Progress. But on the flip side, 30% have stopped following or blocked someone on social media over politics.

Damn you, Facebook.

Still, millennial women are overall ready to hit the polls. Nearly eight in 10 feel at least somewhat informed and 65% say they plan to vote in the 2020 election. But a little more than a third say they're not certain they'll show up.

Really, why?

A few reasons. Some think their vote won't make a difference (psst: it will). Some don't feel informed enough to fill out a ballot ( we can help with that). Others aren't amped about who they have to choose from. That said, if the election were held today, they have an idea of the decision they'd make.

Don't leave me hanging.

Millennial women would vote for the Democratic candidate over the Republican candidate by a 2-1 margin. But the majority of those who like to party with the GOP would vote for President Trump.

What about the Dems?

There's no clear frontrunner. But they have some favorites: First, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), then Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), and followed by former VP Joe Biden. But they're not necessarily voting in 2020 primaries based on who they think can win the general election. Just 20% of millennial women say electability is the most important quality in a candidate. Instead, they're voting based on trustworthiness, ability to work across the aisle, and where the candidates stand on the issues.

Was wondering when you were going to get to the issues.

This is where millennial women don't exactly see eye-to-eye based on their party affiliation. For Republican-leaning millennial women, national security and the economy keep them up at night. For Dem-leaning, it's health care, personal safety (think: gun and school safety laws), and the environment.

All of which means...what?

Some of these issues could make or break a candidate. For example, among millennial women who say healthcare is important, 41% say it's a deal breaker if a candidate feels differently from them about lowering the cost of healthcare and prescription drugs.

theSkimm

The data shows that as we get closer to the election, millennial women feel more informed. And that's crucial for getting out the vote. Because those who say they feel in the know are more certain about casting a ballot next November. So read up.

Survey Methodology: This SurveyMonkey online poll was conducted October 1‐4, 2019, among a national sample of 11,228 adults, including 1,067 millennial women (23‐38 year‐olds). The modeled error estimate for this survey is plus or minus 2 percentage points. Among millennial women, the modeled error estimate is plus or minus 4 percentage points. Data have been weighted for age, race, sex, education, and geography using the Census Bureau's American Community Survey to reflect the demographic composition of the United States age 18 and over.

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In the 21st century, more women work, pay Social Security taxes, and earn credit toward monthly retirement income than at any other time in our nation's history.

Yet, on average, women face greater economic challenges than men in retirement.

ONE. Nearly 55 percent of the people receiving Social Security benefits are women. Women generally live longer than men, while often having lower lifetime earnings. And women usually reach retirement with smaller pensions and other assets compared to men. These are three key reasons why Social Security is vitally important to women.

TWO. If you've worked and paid taxes into the Social Security system for at least 10 years and have earned a minimum of 40 work credits, you may be eligible for your own benefits. Once you reach age 62, you may be eligible for your own Social Security benefit whether you are married or not and whether your spouse collects Social Security or not. If you are eligible and apply for benefits on more than one work record, you generally receive the higher benefit amount.

THREE. The sooner you start planning for retirement, the better off you will be. The Social Security Administration regional public affairs office has specific information for women. Visit www.socialsecurity.gov/people/women. Email or post this link to friends and family. The U.S. Social Security Administration office in Pierre is on the second floor of the Federal Building, 225 S. Pierre St. Room 221, Pierre, SD 57501.

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Even with a solid labor market and unemployment hovering at a record low, a growing number of women anticipate having to put off retirement.

A new survey from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found that 54 percent of women expect to work past the age of 62, an increase of six percentage points over last year. By contrast, 52 percent of men expect to work past the age of 62, a drop of 5 percentage points from a year ago.

Among women, 38 percent expect to work past the age of 67, a figure that also is a jump of six percentage points on a year-over-year basis, and comes within three percentage points of the survey's all-time high of 41 percent back in November 2015. The number of men who expect to work past the age of 67 fell from 35 percent to 33 percent over the past year.

Labor market experts say there are a number of reasons why women today feel compelled to work later in life.

\"Traditionally, you have two groups of people who work beyond 65 or 67. They're either the people who are poor and have to, or the people in professional jobs like lawyers, accountants, professors - so it may also be that, as women have gained more jobs in those good professional jobs, there are also now more women in the position of being able to work longer,\" said Ariane Hegewisch, program director for employment and earnings at the Institute for Women's Policy Research.

Harry Holzer, professor of public policy at Georgetown University, also said that the increase in women with high-level professional careers could be driving some reluctance to retire. \"I think college-educated women and women with professional degrees are much more likely to want to [stay in the workforce],\" he said.

But Hegewisch acknowledged that financial obligations could also be putting pressure on women to put off retirement. Generally speaking, \"They're less likely to have retirement funds,\" she said.

\"They've always been in a worse labor market position,\" said Jeff Strohl, director of research at the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.

Compared with men, he said, \"They haven't earned as much or had as many pension contributions along the pathway.\"

In contrast to white-collar professionals, blue-collar male workers often labor in physically demanding jobs. Labor market experts speculate that, among blue-collar couples, women may have to join or remain in the workforce to provide a necessary income stream for a family when work like mining, construction or manufacturing becomes too taxing.

\"It suggests that the traditional model of men being the primary breadwinner, at least at this point in life, seems to matter less and less,\" Holzer said.

However, people reentering the workforce after a certain age are at a statistical disadvantage, Strohl said. \"Among workers over 50, the majority of job changes lead to lower earnings,\" he said.

Women also are statistically likely to live longer than men, which means their nest eggs need to cover more years. A Fidelity Investments analysis conducted earlier this year found that the average single female retiree today needs $150,000 to cover the lifelong cost of healthcare, compared to $135,000 for single male retirees.

\"It may well be that this is a reflection in the lack of confidence in their retirement savings. We still have a sizable part of the population living paycheck to paycheck,\" said Mark Hamrick, senior economic analyst at Bankrate.com. \"There's still a glass ceiling with respect to earnings. That's very important with respect to how much one is able to save for the long term,\" he said.

The lifelong lower earnings of many female workers has a double impact, since a smaller paycheck lowers the amount of money a woman can sock away and invest, while lower pay reduces the amount of Social Security she can expect to augment her own savings in retirement. Another hurdle is that women are more likely to have sporadic employment. \"They're the ones who step out of the workforce to care for a child or an elderly relative,\" Hamrick said.

When combined with lower earnings, it isn't surprising that many women may feel as if they have no other choice but to keep working, he said. \"To the extent that women aren't earning as much as men, broadly, that has an effect on their retirement savings.\"

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Christine Benz: Hi, I'm Christine Benz from Morningstar.com. How far behind are women relative to men, when it comes to retirement savings? Joining me to share some research on that topic is Judith Ward. She is a senior financial planner for T. Rowe Price.

Judy, thank you so much for being here.

Judith Ward: Thanks.

Benz: Judy, you did a survey of people, women, at various life stages attempting to get your arms around how they approach retirement savings, how they're doing toward retirement preparedness. I think the general takeaway is that women are lagging their male counterparts, but you did examine it by generation. Let's start with the baby boomers, because these are people who are entering retirement, in retirement. How are they doing in terms of retirement preparedness?

Ward: So, at T. Rowe Price, we have a retirement saving and spending survey that we do on an annual basis. And we cut that by gender, and also, somewhat by generations. And yeah, it validates a lot of the research that we've seen out there that women are lagging in terms of income, and they're lagging in terms of retirement savings.

Benz: So, the income differential largely explains the savings shortfall.

Ward: Yes, absolutely. The baby boomer women were the worst off. And honestly, that wasn't unexpected, because when you think about--I'm a baby boomer--so, when you think about along our careers, most of us have maybe taken time out of the workforce. I know a lot of my friends who are stay-at-home moms. Maybe we've altered our careers for caregiving, or when we've had children. So, we just didn't concentrate as much on the career. So, that's really not unexpected.

But what I would say is moving into retirement, what women need to be cautious of is the idea of how the household is going to hold up while they're in retirement. Another thing we found in this research was that if the retirees who had been retired for 11 or more years, 45% of the women were divorced or widowed, versus just 17% of men. So, that means at some point, because statistically women outlive men, that they might be going solo. And so, it's really important to be engaged with the finances and understand what's going to happen when one of us is a surviving spouse, and am I going to be OK.

Benz: And I've always heard that the single retired women, that's one of the most at-risk cohorts, right?

Ward: Right. Yes. Yeah, and there's some things that you can do. Of course, you can understand \"What is going to happen with our assets?\" if you haven't been involved in that aspect. Get involved. Again, you don't have to be an investment guru, but you have to understand what's going to happen. Another thing prior to retirement is the Social Security decisions. Those are really important, especially if you want to maximize the benefit for a surviving spouse. So, those are some pretty heavy areas that can really make a difference for women in retirement.

Benz: And, I guess, \"get help\" would be another piece of advice.

Ward: Yes. Absolutely.

Benz: OK. So, you say when you look at these surveys, the boomer data discouraging, but not surprising. One thing that jumped out at you that you thought was a little more surprising was what's going on with millennial women. So, let's talk about that, that here again you see some of the same patterns, lower incomes relative to men, as well as lower retirement savings.

Ward: Right. And that was a bit concerning, because I spend a lot of time trying to educate people about retirement savings and financial wellness. And so, it was really discouraging to see that millennial women were lagging in terms of their income and retirement savings compared to their male counterparts, consider they are the largest generation in the workforce now. And some of it has to do, I think, with their job choice. They may be going into jobs that do pay a decent wage but might have limited upside potential.

Benz: What would be an example?

Ward: Well, so an example--we saw the social services industry as--I think the women were in that industry 3 to 1 compared to men. The information technology industry, for example, the men were like 2 or 3 to 1, to women. And so, some of those industries, they have a pretty good starting salary, but they also have a lot of upside potential. So, that...

Benz: In the IT space.

Ward: Yeah, in the IT space, or some of these other industries. And I'm not going to pass judgment on why people choose the career that they want. But I think it just means that women need to be intentional about their saving and their spending, and to make sure that they get on a good track to manage the financial aspects.

One interesting thing we found was that their levels of debt were about the same. I mean, there wasn't--like their student loan debt didn't jump out as being different than their male counterparts. But when they have a lower income, that debt-to-income ratio is higher. So, try to manage debt. We talk about budgeting. That's a framework to help you understand where you're spending your money and incorporating savings goals. The money on the side--I think it's important for women to have some flexibility, so they maybe could change careers if they choose to. So, I think there are some very tactical things that not just women, but anyone really saving for retirement. But you have to be mindful and intentional to put those things into action in order to just set yourself up for a good retirement and a good financial independence really.

Benz: Did you aim to get your arms around how confident or comfortable women are relative to men when it comes to financial decision-making?

Ward: We didn't ask that specifically. But I do recall a question we asked about: \"Do you know how much you should be saving for retirement?\" More women than men said they do not know. Or they answered, you know, very low amount.

Benz: I saw that on the survey, like, 3%, 4% in some cases.

Ward: Right. And so, that tells us there's an opportunity to really reach out to women and make sure they understand what are some good rules of thumb. It's an educational opportunity. And that they are they're willing, they want advice, they want people to help them. But they need advice that fits into their busy lives and is available when they need it. But they're willing. So, I think just the fact that they're saying, \"I don't know,\" they're telling us that they want the education and they're asking for it.

Benz: Really interesting research, Judy. Thank you so much for being here.

Ward: Thank you.

Benz: Thanks for watching. I'm Christine Benz from Morningstar.com.

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Aisha Adkins in the Atlanta area with her mother, Rose, whose dementia was diagnosed six years ago. The elder Ms. Adkins can't be left alone. Credit Credit Lynsey Weatherspoon for The New York Times

DUNWOODY, Ga. - Aisha Adkins would rather have her own place, instead of living with her parents. She would also like a job, a car, a master's degree and savings. But at 35, a decade after graduating from Georgia Southern University in Statesboro with a specialty in social services, she has had to put off those goals.

Her mother, Rose, received a diagnosis of dementia six years ago, at 57, and cannot be left alone. Since then, Ms. Adkins has been consumed with her care. \"I've gone on three dates in the last three or so years,\" she said.

She ensures that the family's home in an Atlanta suburb is stocked with her mother's medications. She prepares her mother's breakfast - peanut butter and jelly, with a glass of milk. She bathes her and dresses her and sits her in front of reruns of \"The Young and the Restless.\" She cooks her dinner: mainly chicken (with a vegetable and a starch), spaghetti or chili. She retires to her room around 10 - entrusting her mother to the television set and Ron, her father, by then home from work.

The burden of care for aging relatives is reshaping the lives of millions of others. About 15 percent of women and 13 percent of men 25 to 54 years old spend time caring for an older relative, according to the Labor Department. Among those 55 to 64, the share rises to one in five Americans. And 20 percent of these caregivers also have children at home.

What's more, demand for care is growing. \"The boomer generation is turning 70 at a rate of 10,000 per day and living years longer than when the safety net was originally built,\" said Ai-jen Poo, a co-director of Caring Across Generations, a coalition of advocacy groups. Her organization is pushing to add a benefit to cover care - for older adults, children and sick family members - to the nation's safety net, alongside Social Security and Medicare.

While men, too, are being forced to step up, Ms. Poo noted that \"women in particular are bearing the brunt.\" By knocking many women in their prime earning years from the work force, the growing strain from care is weighing down the American economy.

Among the 36 industrialized countries currently in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United States ranked 17th in 2000 in the participation of prime-age women in the work force. By 2017, it had slid to 30th. While the lack of family-friendly policies like parental leave and child care subsidies played a role - making it tougher for American women to juggle motherhood and work - economists say the virtual absence of support for eldercare is a prime suspect in explaining why the share of women taking part in the labor force stalled in the late 1990s after rising relentlessly for 50 years.

Total U.S. dependency ratio

ages 25-54, seasonally adjusted

Total U.S. dependency ratio

For many, of course, leaving the labor force is not an option. More than 60 percent of the people caring for an older person work, too - and 45 percent of the caregivers work full time. But altogether, American families forgo at least $28.9 billion per year in wages when they take time off to take care of their children or sick relatives, according to a study issued in 2016 by the liberal Center for American Progress.

The burden of care has not become a political concern with the urgency of health care policy; it is mostly absent from proposals by candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination. But it is seeping into the conversation. Senator Bernie Sanders's Medicare for All proposal includes a benefit for long-term care. Senator Elizabeth Warren supports universal child care, which she has proposed to finance with a wealth tax.

Ms. Poo argues that it is only a matter of time before care becomes a political priority. \"There is no feasible way in this economy that people can manage care without more institutional support,\" she said.

And the economic benefit would be substantial. A 2015 study by the Labor Department estimated that if prime-aged American women worked as much in the formal work force as their counterparts in Canada or Germany - which have more generous policies to subsidize care for the young, the sick and the old - 5.5 million more women would have been in the labor force in 2014, increasing gross domestic product by 3.5 percent.

In 2004, California became the first state with a paid family-leave benefit. It offered six weeks of partly paid leave for workers with a newborn, a sick relative or other caring needs. One study concluded that the benefit significantly increased the share of mothers who returned to work one year after giving birth. Other studies have also found some evidence that paid leave increases the labor participation of mothers, particularly those in less-skilled jobs. Some researchers have found that paid leave can raise mothers' wages over the long term, by preventing them from having to interrupt their careers to care for young children.

Half of Americans who reach 65 will need long-term care, typically for two years, according to government projections. The bill will be $266,000. A little more than half will come out of the pocket of the person receiving the care and the family. In the typical case, these people will spend their resources until they become indigent enough to qualify for Medicaid. Once they are poor, they can be covered: Medicaid pays over a third of the country's long-term-care costs.

In June, the National Academy of Social Insurance published a report exploring ways in which care for the young, the old and the sick could be added to America's social insurance package.

One option the academy considered would cover child-care expenses exceeding 7 percent of household income. It would cover part of the salary of people who took leave to care for a relative. And it would pay for about $36,500 worth of long-term care over a lifetime. This would not cover the entire tab faced by families, but it would go a long way toward easing their financial strain.

This could be financed with a payroll tax of 1.55 percent, with an extra 0.66 percentage points on individual earnings above $200,000 and family earnings over $250,000. The cost for a family with the median household income of $61,372 would be $79 a month.

The Adkins family, for sure, could do with some help.

Aisha Adkins's father, Ron, right, is now spending more time at home, relieving her of some caring duties. But the entire family has had to live on his income. Credit Lynsey Weatherspoon for The New York Times

Ms. Adkins must manage a household on a tight budget, shouldering hefty health care expenses on one income - her father's earnings as a marketing and sales manager for call-center contractors. She has no health insurance, and when her father has been out of work, her parents have also lacked coverage. She pays close attention to which pharmacies offer the best deals.

But perhaps hardest is the emotional toll of caring for her mother, who can become disoriented after dark and frightened when she loses track of where she is.

\"Some of this stuff is painful for Aisha,\" her father said. \"Sometimes her mother forgets having given birth. Imagine how you would feel if your mother doesn't recognize you.\"

Ms. Adkins and her father understand that her mother will need full-time professional care at some point. But they have no idea how they will pay for it. Glencare - a company that offers long-term-care insurance and services - estimates that a home health aide costs $4,195 a month. A private room in an assisted-living center would set them back $4,000. A semiprivate room in a nursing home might take $7,441.

The Adkinses' situation may be extreme, stemming from a dementia diagnosis at an early age. But even for caregivers who keep a foothold in the labor force, the economic cost can be substantial.

Take Heather Oglesby, a project officer for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. She was 42 when her mother received a dementia diagnosis four years ago.

Ms. Oglesby managed to get her mother on Medicaid - a bureaucratic feat that required perseverance and skill - so she could afford a care worker. Her own job requires being in the office only one day a week.

Heather Oglesby with her mother, Patricia, in Suwanee, Ga. Ms. Oglesby's job requires her to be in the office only one day a week, and she managed to get help for her mother covered by Medicaid. Credit Lynsey Weatherspoon for The New York Times

Still, she said, care has stunted her career prospects and weighed on her marriage. She has taken money from her pension plan and refinanced her home to cover her mother's expenses.

\"Caregivers are physically and mentally and financially dying,\" she told me. \"They are a health care crisis in the making.\"

Heather Boldon dropped her demanding job as a paralegal in Minneapolis nine years ago to take care of her mother and has moved in and out of lesser-paying jobs since then, unable to build financial security.

\"I'm almost 52, and I'm starting from scratch,\" said Ms. Boldon, whose mother has Alzheimer's disease. \"I lost 10 years of my life. What's going to happen to me?\"

For Aisha Adkins, there may be some respite in sight. Her father is now spending more time at home, which has allowed her to enroll part time at Georgia State to get a master's degree. She has started writing about her experience as a caregiver, drawing the attention of some national advocacy groups. She has traveled a couple of times to speak before gatherings of caregivers, leaving her father in charge.

Several states and municipalities have introduced family and medical leave benefits. Last spring, Washington became the first state to create a sweeping program of long-term-care insurance, offering a benefit of up to $36,500 to cover items like meal delivery, nursing-home fees and home help, including paying a family member who is providing care. It would be paid by a 0.58 percent state payroll tax.

There is no such benefit in Georgia. But if one were introduced, Ms. Adkins would be grateful.

\"Maybe I'll get dementia,\" she told me. She doesn't have children to care for her. \"You need people to fight for you when you can't fight for yourself.\"

A version of this article appears in print on , Section B, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: In Primes of Careers, Women Bear Burden of Caregiving. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

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Women in their 50s who are at the most financial risk in retirement are those who are married and in two-income households. That's the surprising news from a recent report on women and retirement from Prudential Financial.

The finding is based on research of women ages 50 to 59 from the Center for Retirement Research (CRR) at Boston College. According to CRR's National Retirement Risk Index, 46% of married women in their 50s in two-income households are at risk of being unable to maintain their standard of living in retirement vs. 32% of married women that age in one-income households and 39% of women in their 50s who've never been married.

To be frank, these statistics were somewhat unexpected to me. I've spent decades reporting on the challenges surrounding women and money. And I researched the financial vulnerability of divorced and widowed women for my book Money Confidence: Really Smart Financial Moves for Newly Single Women.

\nAlso on Forbes: Why Certain Women Are at Greatest Retirement Risk

I'd have thought - and you might have, too - that married women in two-income households have a leg up for retirement security over their single, one-income household counterparts. There are, however, several root reasons for the study's results.

\"Two-income households typically make more, but save less,\" says Cindy Hounsell, president of the Washington D.C.-based Women's Institute for a Secure Retirement (WISER) nonprofit and a Next Avenue Influencer In Aging. \"They are living a two-income standard of living and spend more on expenses - two cars and a bigger house, for instance - so I'm not that surprised. They're having a nicer life while it is going, rather than saving for retirement. There's a bit of denial when it comes to retirement planning.\"

Married women in two-income households also often aren't saving as much as they could in workplace retirement plans.

In half of the two-earner couples surveyed, only one earner is covered by an employer retirement plan, according to Prudential. And the partner who is covered typically doesn't increase his or her retirement plan contributions to offset that circumstance.

\nWomen and Retirement Savings

The average 401(k) savings rate for one-income households and two-income, two-saver households is typically around 8% to 9% of household earnings, CRR says. But the average savings rate for two-income, one-saver households, it found, is only 4.9% of household earnings.

A new T. Rowe Price 401(k) survey said that boomer women have a 401(k) savings balance of $59,000, much less than half of the $138,000 median balance of boomer men.

\nThe Social Security Trap

Two-income households also typically get lower Social Security benefits per tax dollar paid than one-income households, the Prudential report noted.

\"The spousal benefit generally declines once the second spouse starts working, and disappears completely once the lower-earning spouse's own benefit exceeds one-half the higher earner's benefit, Prudential explained.

Meantime, another new report from the National Council on Aging found that 60% of women age 60 and older and approaching, or at retirement, are worried their health care costs will exceed retirement income. And only 62% of women surveyed by Allianz Life said they feel financially secure, down from 68% in 2016.

Put it all together and \"this is a wake-up call for married women,\" Hounsell says. \"Pay attention.\"

\n5 Tips for 50+ Women in 2-Income Households

Here are five ways women over 50 in two-income households can protect themselves from being financially at risk in retirement:

1. Plan your finances as if you were solo. \"I wouldn't be counting on anyone,\" Hounsell says. \"I was married for almost 20 years, and thankfully, I wasn't putting my eggs in someone else's basket.\"

Janice Co, chief strategy officer, Workplace Solutions Group at Prudential Financial, concurs. \"Both working spouses should be saving as opposed to relying on one partner,\" says Co.

2. Make saving a priority. \"There is always a common theme among women and it's that we don't put ourselves first,\" Co says. \"We save after all our expenses and debt is taken care of. We put off saving for our 'future selves' because we have mortgages, credit card debt and student loan debt, or we're saving for college for our children. And we think time will be on our side to get to our longer-term needs...We tend to put ourselves last.\"

I agree completely. Often, women over 50 are financial caregivers to their adult children or to their parents. But taking care of your own needs is an integral part of financial fitness.

If you have access to a workplace retirement plan, increase your contribution rate by just one percentage point (from, say, 8% to 9%) and try to add another percentage point in successive years. A reminder from Co: \"If you're 50 or over, you can contribute more\" to a 401(k) than if you're younger. That means you're allowed to put in an extra $6,000 in 2019, over the standard maximum of $19,000.

\"If you don't have access to a retirement plan at work, open an IRA and contribute as much as you can,\" says Co.

3. Stay on the job longer, if you can. This is my mantra. Longer work cuts the drawdown on financial assets. It could increase the time you're covered by employer-based health insurance, reducing out-of-pocket spending on health care costs.

Increased earning years may also let you push back beginning to claim your Social Security benefit until age 70. Doing so can bump up your benefit by 8% annually.

Plus, additional years of work at older ages might offset earlier years of low or zero earnings (during caregiving years) for your retirement benefits computation formula.

Continuing to work, even part-time, can also help stave off dipping into retirement accounts, allowing them to grow, and let you sock away additional retirement funds.

4. Have regular money conversations with your spouse. A recent UBS poll of 3,652 high-net worth married women, widows and divorcees found 58% defer long-term financial decisions to their spouses or ex-spouses.

And 54% of the married women said their spouse takes the lead in handling the family's finances beyond paying bills. They didn't participate in long-term financial planning or investing decisions. One reason: Some of the women said they thought their spouse knows more about finances.

I believe that failing to talk about your household's finances with your spouse shows a lack of trust in the foundation of your relationship. Build your investment and retirement portfolios as a team. It keeps both of you accountable.

5. Work with a financial adviser. As I wrote in my Next Avenue column, \"What Women Want in a Financial Adviser,\" it's helpful to find someone you can trust to help you manage your money. \"Women want someone who they can talk openly to about their lives,\" Maddy Dychtwald, an author and a founder of Age Wave, a think tank and consultancy, told me. She wrote an excellent women and money report with Merrill Lynch: \" Women and Financial Wellness: Beyond the Bottom Line.\"

Seek out an adviser who appreciates your financial issues, your caregiving load, your career and your money goals (which might not be the same as your spouse's). And find one who can offer a holistic approach, not just providing investment and retirement-planning advice.

My husband and I work with the same adviser. She meets with us both separately and together and helps us stay on a solid path - solo and as a team.

As Co says: For married couples, \"retirement is a joint activity so 'saving for retirement' should be as well.\"

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WASHINGTON (AP) - Three of the nation's most influential activists are launching an organization that aims to harness the political power of women to influence elections and shape local and national policy priorities.

Dubbed Supermajority, the organization is the creation of Cecile Richards, the former head of Planned Parenthood; Alicia Garza, co-founder of Black Lives Matter; and Ai-jen Poo, executive director of the National Domestic Workers Alliance. The group, which describes itself as multiracial and intergenerational, has a goal of training and mobilizing 2 million women over the next year to become organizers and political leaders in their communities.

The effort comes at a moment when women have emerged as perhaps the most powerful force in politics.

Millions of women marched in cities across America to protest President Donald Trump's election. Women also comprise the majority of the electorate in the 2018 midterm elections, sending a historic number of female candidates to Congress and helping Democrats retake control of the House. A record number of women are also seeking the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination, including four senators.

Richards, who has long been a force in Democratic politics, said women \"feel newly empowered and frankly motivated to take action, including so many women who never thought themselves as an activist before.\"

Richards, Garza and Poo spent the past year traveling the country talking to women about how to harness their activism. They found that despite increased energy, many women find getting involved in politics intimidating and are unclear about how to do more than just march or protest.

\"Women are mad as hell and we've been in resistance mode for two years,\" Garza said. \"Now it's time to equip people.\"

Supermajority isn't expected to endorse individual candidates. But the group will help educate women about candidates' positions on issues including pay equity and affordable child care and push politicians to adopt an agenda akin to what Richards called a \"women's new deal.\"

The effort will be aided by Libby Chamberlain and Cortney Tunis, co-founders of the Facebook group Pantsuit Nation, which was started in the closing weeks of the 2016 election for supporters of Hillary Clinton. The online community now has more than 3.5 million female members.

___

Follow Julie Pace at http://twitter.com/jpaceDC

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